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English | French | Italian | Catalan | Spanish | Portuguese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive: to have to / must | devoir | dovere | deure | deber | dever |
Present: must, have/has to | dois | devo / debbo | dec | debo | devo |
dois | devi | deus | debes | deves | |
doit | deve | deu | debe | deve | |
devons | dobbiamo | devem | debemos | devemos | |
devez | dovete | deveu | debéis | deveís | |
doivent | devono / debbono | deuen | deben | devem | |
Imperfect: was/were supposed to | devais | dovevo | devia | debía | devia |
devais | dovevi | devies | debías | devias | |
devait | doveva | devia | debía | devia | |
devions | dovevamo | devíem | debíamos | devíamos | |
deviez | dovevate | devíeu | debíais | devíeis | |
devaient | dovevano | devien | debían | deviam | |
Preterite: had to | dus | dovei / dovetti | deguí | debí | devi |
(rare in French or Italian speech) | dus | dovesti | degueres | debiste | deveste |
(alternative Catalan below) | dut | dové / dovette | degué | debió | deveu |
dûmes | dovemmo | deguérem | debimos | devemos | |
dûtes | doveste | deguéreu | debisteis | devestes | |
durent | doverono / dovettero | degueren | debieron | deveram | |
Future: will have to | devrai | dovrò | deuré | deberé | deverei |
devras | dovrai | deuràs | deberás | deverás | |
devra | dovrà | deurà | deberá | deverá | |
devrons | dovremo | deurem | deberemos | deveremos | |
devrez | dovrete | deureu | deberéis | devereis | |
devront | dovranno | deuran | deberán | deverão | |
Conditional: should/ought to | devrais | dovrei | deuria | debería | deveria |
devrais | dovresti | deuries | deberías | deveria | |
devrait | dovrebbe | deuria | debería | deveria | |
devrions | dovremmo | deuríem | deberíamos | deveríamos | |
devriez | dovreste | deuríeu | deberíais | deveríeis | |
devraient | dovrebbero | deurien | deberían | deveriam | |
Present Subjunctive: must, have/has to | doive | debba | degui | deba | deva |
doives | debba | deguis | debas | devas | |
doive | debba | degui | deba | deva | |
devions | dobbiamo | deguem | debamos | devamos | |
deviez | dobbiate | degueu | debáis | devais | |
doivent | debbano | deguin | deban | devam | |
Imperfect Subjunctive: had to | dusse | dovessi | degués | debiera | devesse |
(rare in French speech) | dusses | dovessi | deguessis | debieras | devesses |
(alternative Spanish below) | dût | dovesse | degués | debiera | devesse |
dussions | dovessimo | deguéssim | debiéramos | devêssemos | |
dussiez | doveste | deguéssiu | debierais | devêsseis | |
dussent | dovessero | deguessin | debieran | devessem | |
Affirmative Imperative | |||||
Singular familiar you | dois | devi | deu | debe | deve |
Singular formal you | devez | debba | degui | deba | deva |
Let's... | devons | dobbiamo | deguem | debamos | devamos |
Plural familiar you | devez | dovete | deveu | debed | devei |
Plural formal you | devez | debbano | deguin | deban | devam |
Negative Imperative | |||||
Singular familiar you | ne dois pas | non dovere | no deguessis | no debas | não devas |
Singular formal you | ne devez pas | non debba | no degués | no deba | não deva |
Let's not... | ne devons pas | non dobbiamo | no deguéssim | no debamos | não devamos |
Plural familiar you | ne devez pas | non dovete | no deguéssiu | no debáis | não devais |
Plural formal you | ne devez pas | non debbano | no deguessin | no deban | não devam |
Gerund: having to Present Participle: having to |
en devant devant |
dovendo dovente |
devent | debiendo | devendo |
Past Participle: had to | dû | dovuto | degut | debido | devido |
Auxiliary verb used in perfect tenses | avoir | avere | haver | haber | ter |
The periphrastic past in Catalan is an alternative to the preterite. It is formed by using anar as an auxiliary verb followed by the infinitive.
vaig deure |
vas deure |
va deure |
vam deure |
vau deure |
van deure |
There is an alternative form of the imperfect subjunctive in Spanish, which is more similar to Portuguese. Simply replace -ra- with -se- for all conjugations:
debiera / debiese |
debieras / debieses |
debiera / debiese |
debiéramos / debiésemos |
debierais / debieseis |
debieran / debiesen |
The future subjunctive is only used in formal or literary Spanish, but it is easy to conjugate since it is nearly identical to the imperfect subjunctive forms. The future subjunctive in Portuguese is very common and the same endings are used for the personal infinitive (see below).
Spanish | Portuguese |
debiere | dever |
debieres | deveres |
debiere | dever |
debiéremos | devermos |
debiereis | deverdes |
debieren | deverem |
The personal infinitive in Portuguese uses the infinitive as the stem + the endings of the future subjunctive.
dever |
deveres |
dever |
devermos |
deverdes |
deverem |
There is an alternative form of the past perfect in Portugueuse which only uses one word rather than an auxiliary verb + past participle. These conjugations are quite similar to the imperfect subjunctive conjugations using -ra- in Spanish. However, this simple form is only used in formal or literary Portuguese. (Note that the imperfect subjunctive in Spanish using -ra- can also be used in formal or literary language as an alternative to the compound past perfect.)
devera |
deveras |
devera |
devêramos |
devêreis |
deveram |
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