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Catalan, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese have two verbs meaning be in English. Go to conjugations of essere and ser.
English | French | Italian | Catalan | Spanish | Portuguese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive: to be | être | stare | estar | estar | estar |
Present: am, is, are | suis | sto | estic | estoy | estou |
es | stai | estàs | estás | estás | |
est | sta | està | está | está | |
sommes | stiamo | estem | estamos | estamos | |
êtes | state | esteu | estáis | estais | |
sont | stanno | estan | están | estão | |
Imperfect: was, were/used to | étais | stavo | estava | estaba | estava |
étais | stavi | estaves | estabas | estavas | |
était | stava | estava | estaba | estava | |
étions | stavamo | estàvem | estábamos | estávamos | |
étiez | stavate | estàveu | estabais | estáveis | |
étaient | stavano | estaven | estaban | estavam | |
Preterite: was, were | fus | stetti | estiguí | estuve | estive |
(rare in French or Italian speech) | fus | stesti | estigueres | estuviste | estiveste |
(alternative Catalan below) | fut | stette | estigué | estuvo | esteve |
fûmes | stemmo | estiguérem | estuvimos | estivemos | |
fûtes | steste | estiguéreu | estuvisteis | estivestes | |
furent | stettero | estigueren | estuvieron | estiveram | |
Future: will be | serai | starò | estaré | estaré | estarei |
seras | starai | estaràs | estarás | estarás | |
sera | starà | estarà | estará | estará | |
serons | staremo | estarem | estaremos | estaremos | |
serez | starete | estareu | estaréis | estareis | |
seront | staranno | estaran | estarán | estarão | |
Conditional: would be | serais | starei | estaria | estaría | estaria |
serais | staresti | estaries | estarías | estarias | |
serait | starebbe | estaria | estaría | estaria | |
serions | staremmo | estaríem | estaríamos | estaríamos | |
seriez | stareste | estaríeu | estaríais | estaríeis | |
seraient | starebbero | estarien | estarían | estariam | |
Present Subjunctive: am, is, are | sois | stia | estigui | esté | esteja |
sois | stia | estiguis | estés | estejas | |
soit | stia | estigui | esté | esteja | |
soyons | stiamo | estiguem | estemos | estejamos | |
soyez | stiate | estigueu | estéis | estejais | |
soient | stiano | estiguin | estén | estejam | |
Imperfect Subjunctive: was, were | fusse | stessi | estigués | estuviera | estivesse |
(rare in French speech) | fusses | stessi | estiguessis | estuvieras | estivesses |
(alternative Spanish below) | fût | stesse | estigués | estuviera | estivesse |
fussions | stessimo | estiguéssim | estuviéramos | estivéssemos | |
fussiez | steste | estiguéssiu | estuvierais | estivésseis | |
fussent | stessero | estiguessin | estuvieran | estivessem | |
Affirmative Imperative: be | |||||
Singular Familiar | sois | sta' ; stia | estigues | está | está |
Singular Formal | soyez | stia | estigui | esté | esteja |
Let's... | soyons | stiamo | estiguem | estemos | estejamos |
Plural familiar you | soyez | state | estigueu | estad | estai |
Plural formal you | soyez | stiano | estiguin | estén | estejam |
Negative Imperative: don't be | |||||
Singular familiar you | ne sois pas | non stare | no estiguis | no estés | não estejas |
Singular formal you | ne soyez pas | non stia | no estigui | no esté | não esteja |
Let's not... | ne soyons pas | non stiamo | no estiguem | no estemos | não estejamos |
Plural Familiar | ne soyez pas | non state | no estigueu | no estéis | não estejais |
Plural Formal | ne soyez pas | non stiano | no estiguin | no estén | não estejam |
Gerund: being Present Participle: being |
en étant étant |
stando stante |
estant | estando | estando |
Past Participle: been | été | stato | estat | estado | estado |
Auxiliary verb in perfect tenses | avoir | essere | haver | haber | ter |
The periphrastic past in Catalan is an alternative to the preterite. It is formed by using anar as an auxiliary verb followed by the infinitive.
vaig estar |
vas estar |
va estar |
vam estar |
vau estar |
van estar |
There is an alternative form of the imperfect subjunctive in Spanish, which is more similar to Portuguese. Simply replace -ra- with -se- for all conjugations:
estuviera / estuviese |
estuvieras / estuvieses |
estuviera / estuviese |
estuviéramos / estuviésemos |
estuvierais / estuvieseis |
estuvieran / estuviesen |
The future subjunctive is only used in formal or literary Spanish, but it is easy to conjugate since it is nearly identical to the imperfect subjunctive forms. The future subjunctive in Portuguese is very common and the same endings are used for the personal infinitive (see below).
Spanish | Portuguese |
estuviere | estiver |
estuvieres | estiveres |
estuviere | estiver |
estuviéremos | estivermos |
estuviereis | estiverdes |
estuvieren | estiverem |
The personal infinitive in Portuguese uses the infinitive as the stem + the endings of the future subjunctive.
estar |
estares |
estar |
estarmos |
estardes |
estarem |
There is an alternative form of the past perfect in Portugueuse which only uses one word rather than an auxiliary verb + past participle. These conjugations are quite similar to the imperfect subjunctive conjugations using -ra- in Spanish. However, this simple form is only used in formal or literary Portuguese. (Note that the imperfect subjunctive in Spanish using -ra- can also be used in formal or literary language as an alternative to the compound past perfect.)
estivera |
estiveras |
estivera |
estivéramos |
estivéreis |
estiveram |
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