16. Present Tense of Regular Verbs
First Conjugation
The four principal parts of almost all first conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of first person present indicative form by adding the endings -o, -are, -avi, and -atus. Rather than write out all four principal parts, I mark the regular verbs as (1).
When conjugating in the present tense, active voice, indicative mood (i.e. “I go”, “I am saying”, “I walk”, etc.), we are interested in the first two principle parts. Remember that the first part is the “I” form and the second is the infinitive.
So for the verb ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, walk, “ambulo” means “I walk” and “ambulare” means “to walk.”
To conjugate verbs of the first conjugation, we take the infinitive, cut off the -are and add the following endings:
|
Singular |
Plural |
1st Person |
-o |
-amus |
2nd Person |
-as |
-atis |
3rd Person |
-at |
-ant |
This means that for ambulo, the conjugation would be:
|
Singular |
|
Plural |
|
1st Person |
ambulo |
I walk, am walking, do walk |
ambulamus |
we walk, are walking, do walk |
2nd Person |
ambulas |
you walk, are walking, do walk |
ambulatis |
you walk, are walking, do walk |
3rd Person |
ambulat |
he/she/it walks, is walking, does walk |
ambulant |
they walk, are walking, do walk |
Note that, in English, there are three different translations for each Latin word.
Second Conjugation
The second conjugation has -eo in the first principle part and -ēre in the second. Conjugating them in the present is an identical process to the first conjugation except that the thematic vowel is -e- rather than -a-:
teneo, tenēre, tenui, tenitus, to hold, to have
|
Singular |
|
Plural |
|
1st Person |
teneo |
I hold, am holding, do hold |
tenemus |
we hold, are holding, do hold |
2nd Person |
tenes |
you hold, are holding, do hold |
tenetis |
you hold, are holding, do hold |
3rd Person |
tenet |
he/she/it walks, is walking, does walk |
tenent |
they hold, are holding, do hold |
Third Conjugation
The third conjugation is the most unpredictable group. They all end in -ere (note that this is a short -e- rather than the second conjugation's long -ē-) in the second principle part. This conjugation is also split into two groups—regular 3rd conjugation verbs and i-stem verbs that end in -io in the first principle part and acts similar to a fourth conjugation verb.
Conjugating them is a little different as well. Unlike the first and second conjugations, the stem vowel changes. So after you cut off the -ere, you add these endings:
|
Singular |
Plural |
1st Person |
-o, -io* |
-imus |
2nd Person |
-is |
-itis |
3rd Person |
-it |
-unt, -iunt* |
*-io verbs
|
3rd Conjugation |
3rd Conjugation -io |
||
|
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus to say |
capio, capere, cepi, captus to take, capture |
||
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
1st Person |
dico |
dicimus |
capio |
capimus |
2nd Person |
dicis |
dicitis |
capis |
capitis |
3rd Person |
dicit |
dicunt |
capit |
capiunt |
Fourth Conjugation
The thematic vowel for 4th conjugation verbs is -i- so the second principle part ends in -ire. The four principle parts are usually a regular -io, -ire, -ivi, -itus. When regular, the dictionary entry will often be abbreviated with a (4) after the first principle part. Other than this, the conjugation is the same as 3rd conjugation -io verbs:
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus to hear
|
Singular |
Plural |
1st Person |
audio |
audimus |
2nd Person |
audis |
auditis |
3rd Person |
audit |
audiunt |
17. Common Verbs
First Conjugation |
|||
addigito (1) |
to point [something] out |
loco (1) |
to place, put |
aequo (1) |
to make level, match |
monstro (1) |
to show, demonstrate |
ambulo (1) |
to walk, travel |
muto (1) |
to change, exchange |
amo (1) |
to love, like |
neco (1) |
to kill |
celo (1) |
to hide [something] |
nego (1) |
to deny, refuse |
clamo (1) |
to shout |
nuntio (1) |
to announce |
claro (1) |
to clarify, explain |
opto (1) |
to choose, desire, wish for |
crucio (1) |
to torture |
oro (1) |
to beg (for) |
cogito (1) |
to think, ponder, consider |
paro (1) |
to prepare, provide |
corono (1) |
to crown |
porto (1) |
to carry |
damno (1) |
to condemn, sentence |
pugno (1) |
to fight |
dono (1) |
to give, present, reward |
sono, -are, -ui, -itus |
to sound (transitive) |
dubito (1) |
to doubt, hesitate |
specto (1) |
to look at |
flo (1) |
to blow |
spiro (1) |
to breathe |
habito (1) |
to live, dwell |
sto, stare, steti, staturus |
to stand |
juvo, juvare, juvi, jutus |
to help, assist, aid |
vasto (1) |
to lay waste to, destroy |
laboro (1) |
to work (at), produce |
voco (1) |
to call |
Second Conjugation |
|||
appareo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to appear |
pareo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to obey |
ardeo, -ēre, arsi, arsus |
to burn |
pateo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to spread, extend |
careo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to lack, be without (+ gen. or abl.) |
placeo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to please (+ dat.) |
censeo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to expect, asses, tax |
pleo, -ēre, -evi, -itus |
to fill |
deleo, -ēre, -evi, -itus |
to destroy |
sedeo, -ēre, sedi, sessurus |
to sit |
exerceo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to keep busy, practice, supervise |
spondeo, -ēre, spospondi, sponsus |
to pledge, affirm, swear |
fleo, -ēre, flexi, flectus |
to weep |
taceo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to keep silent |
habeo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to have, hold, possess |
terreo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to frighten, alarm, terrify |
maneo, -ēre, mansi, mansus |
to remain |
timeo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to fear, be afraid (of) |
moneo, -ēre, -ui, -itus |
to warn, remind |
video, -ēre, vidi, visus |
to see |
moveo, -ēre, movi motus |
to move |
|
|
Third Conjugation |
|||
ago, -ere, egi, actus |
to do, discuss, spend (time) |
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus |
to understand |
cano, -ere, cecini, cantus |
to sing (of) |
lego, -ere, lexi, lectus |
to read, choose |
cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus |
to fall |
mitto, -ere, misi, missus |
to send |
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus |
to grant, yield, submit to |
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus |
to push, drive off |
cresco, -ere, crevi, creturus |
to grow, increase |
peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus |
to seek, ask for |
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus |
to run |
pono, -ere, posui, positus |
to put, place |
duco, -ere, duxi, ductus |
to lead, consider |
posco, -ere, poposci, [no 4th part] |
to beg, demand |
eruo, -uere, -ui, -itus |
to uproot, to destroy |
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitus |
to look for, search for, obtain |
figo, -ere, fixi, fictus (fixus) |
to fix, attatch |
rego, -ere, rexi, rectus |
to set up, erect, raise |
frango, -ere, fregi, fractus |
to break, shatter, smash |
repo, -ere, repsi, [no 4th part] |
to creep, crawl |
fremo, -ere, -ui, -itus |
to complain loudly at |
scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus |
to write |
incolo, -ere, -ui, [no 4th part] |
to inhabit |
vivo, -ere, vixi, victurus |
to be alive, survive |
Third Conjugation -io |
|||
capio, -ere, cepi, captus |
to take, capture |
jacio, -ere, jeci, jactus |
to throw, hurl |
facio, -ere, feci, factus |
to make, do |
specio, -ere, spexi, spectus |
to look at |
fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitus |
to flee, escape from |
|
|
Fourth Conjugation |
|||
aperio, -ire, -ui, -itus |
to open |
scio (4) |
to know |
audio (4) |
to hear, listen (to) |
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus |
to sense, feel, perceive |
dormio (4) |
to sleep |
venio, -ire, veni, venturus |
come |
Asking yes/no questions
To make a sentence into a yes/no question, add -ne to the first word of the sentence. Often, the main verb is also moved to the front.
Aperisne januam? Are you opening the door?
18. Numbers
Number |
Cardinal |
Ordinal |
Roman |
1 |
unus, -a, -um |
primus |
I |
2 |
duo, duae, duo |
secundus |
II |
3 |
tres, tria |
tertius |
III |
4 |
quattuor |
quartus |
IV |
5 |
quinque |
quintus |
V |
6 |
sex |
sextus |
VI |
7 |
septem |
septimus |
VII |
8 |
octo |
octavus |
VIII |
9 |
novem |
nonus |
IX |
10 |
decem |
decimus |
X |
11 |
undecim |
undecimus |
XI |
12 |
duodecim |
duodecimus |
XII |
13 |
tredecim |
tertius decimus |
XIII |
14 |
quattuordecim |
quartus decimus |
XIV |
15 |
quindecim |
quintus decimus |
XV |
16 |
sedecim |
sextus decimus |
XVI |
17 |
septendecim |
septimus decimus |
XVII |
18 |
duodeviginti |
duodevicesimus |
XVIII |
19 |
undeviginti |
undevicesimus |
XIX |
20 |
viginti |
vicesimus |
XX |
21 |
viginti unus / unus et viginti |
vicesimus primus |
XXI |
22 |
viginti duo / duo et viginti |
vicesimus secundus |
XXII |
30 |
triginta |
tricesimus |
XXX |
40 |
quadraginta |
quadragesimus |
XL |
50 |
quinquaginta |
quinquagesimus |
L |
60 |
sexaginta |
sexagesimus |
LX |
70 |
septuaginta |
septuagesimus |
LXX |
80 |
octoginta |
octogesimus |
LXXX |
90 |
nonaginta |
nonagesimus |
XC |
100 |
centum |
centesimus |
C |
101 |
centum (et) unus |
centesimus primus |
CI |
200 |
ducenti, -ae, -a |
ducentesimus |
CC |
300 |
trecenti, -ae, -a |
trecentesimus |
CCC |
400 |
quadragenti, -ae, -a |
quadragentesimus |
CCCC |
500 |
quingenti, -ae, -a |
quingentisimus |
D |
600 |
sescenti, -ae, -a |
sescentesimus |
DC |
700 |
septingenti, -ae, -a |
septingesimus |
DCC |
800 |
octingenti, -ae, -a |
octingesimus |
DCCC |
900 |
nongenti, -ae, -a |
nongentesimus |
DCCCC |
1000 |
mille |
millesimus |
M |
2000 |
duo milia |
bis millesimus |
MM |
10000 |
decem milia |
decies millesimus |
CCI/C/C |
100000 |
centum milia |
centies millesimus |
CCCI/C/C/C |
19. Days of the Week
Monday |
dies, -ei m Lunae |
Tuesday |
dies, -ei m Martis |
Wednesday |
dies, -ei m Mercurii |
Thursday |
dies, -ei m Jovis |
Friday |
dies, -ei m Veneris |
Saturday |
dies, -ei m Saturni |
Sunday |
dies, -ei m Solis; dominica, -ae f |
day |
dies, -ei m./f. |
morning |
matutinum, -i, n. |
afternoon |
tempus, -oris, n. postmeridianum |
in the afternoon |
postmeridie |
evening |
vesper, -eri, m. |
in the evening |
vesperi |
night |
nox, noctis, f. |
at night |
noctu (NB this irregular form) |
today |
hodie |
tomorrow |
cras |
tonight |
hāc nocte |
yesterday |
heri |
last night |
proximā nocte |
week |
hebdomas, hebdomadis, f.; septimana, -ae, f. |
weekend |
finis, -is, m. hebdomadis |
on the weekend |
exeunte hebdomade |
daily |
cotidie |
weekly |
singulis hebdomadibus |
To say “on Saturday” or “on Tuesday,” etc. we use the ablative singular of the day:
die Saturni
die Martis, etc.
20. Months and Seasons
January |
Januarius, -i, m. |
February |
Februarius, -i, m. |
March |
Martius, -i, m. |
April |
Aprilis, -is, m. |
May |
Majus, -i, m. |
June |
Junius, -i, m. |
July |
Julius, -i, m. |
August |
Augustus, -i, m. |
October |
October, -bris, m. |
November |
November, -bris, m. |
December |
December, -bris, m. |
month |
mensis, -is, m. |
year |
annus, -i, m. |
yearly |
quotannis |
season |
tempus, -oris, n. anni |
spring |
ver, veris, n. |
summer |
aestas, -tatis, f. |
fall |
autumnus, -i, m. |
winter |
hiems, hiemis, f. |
Saying “in January” or “in fall” is the same as the days of the week (use ablative singular):
Januario
autumno
When expressing a specific day of the month such as “May 3rd” or “July 19th”, we literally say “the 3rd day of May,” etc. So those two dates would be tertius dies (mensis) Maji and undevicesimus dies (mensis) Julii, respectively. Similar to the days of the week and the months, use the ablative to show on a date (i.e. tertio die Maji, undevicesimo die Julii)
21. Sentence Order
In general, the word order in a Latin sentence is subject-object-verb. (This will be further explained in coming sections).
22. Nominative Case Functions
The nominative case is the basic diction form of the noun. It has two uses:
Subject of the Sentence
Poeta venit. The poet comes.
Viri manent. The men remain.
Predicate Nominative
“Predicate Nominative” is just a fancy phrase for “A = B” where the equal sign being a verb of being.
Poeta est servus. The poet is a slave.
Vir amicus est. The man is a friend. (NB verb placement.)
23. Genitive of Possession
The genitive of possession is the most basic function of the genitive case and indicates that the nous in the genitive possesses the other noun.
terra regis The land of the king or The king's land.
24. Accusative: Direct object
The direct object of a sentence is the thing that is being “verbed.” In an English example, the word “apple” in “John ate the apple” is the direct object.
In Latin:
Milites urbem delent. The soldiers destroy the city.
NB that the above sentence to just as easily be rendered Urbem milites delent, Delent urbem milites, Delent milites urbem, etc. and have the same meaning due to the case system.
25. Dative: Indirect Object
Usually in English, we use the words to or for to indicate an indirect object. But Latin relies on the endings of the dative case.
Librum poetae das. You give the book to the poet. or You give the poet the book.
Some verbs must take the dative case even when the meaning is more of an accusative meaning:
Domus viro placet. The house pleases the man. (This may be better understood as “The house is pleasing to the man.”)
26. Declension of the Personal Pronouns
|
1st Person |
2nd Person |
3rd Person masc. |
3rd Person fem. |
3rd Person neut. |
Nom. |
ego |
tu |
is |
ea |
id |
Gen. |
mei |
tui |
ejus |
ejus |
ejus |
Dat. |
mihi, mi* |
tibi |
ei |
ei |
ei |
Acc. |
me |
te |
eum |
eam |
id |
Abl. |
me |
te |
eo |
eā |
eo |
Nom. |
nos |
vos |
ei |
eae |
ea |
Gen. |
nostri |
vestri |
eorum |
earum |
eorum |
Dat. |
nobis |
vobis |
eis |
eis |
eis |
Acc. |
nos |
vos |
eos |
eas |
ea |
Abl. |
nobis |
vobis |
eis |
eis |
eis |
* in poetry, mihi often becomes mi.
27. Prepositions
All prepositions are either followed by the accusative case (usually denoting some sort of motion) or the ablative case (usually denoting with, by, from, or a fixed position). Some prepositions can take either case but the meaning changes depending on which is used.
Preposition |
Meaning |
Latin Example |
English Example |
|
Prepositions with the Accusative |
||||
ad |
to, toward |
ad Asiam ambulant. |
They walk to/toward Asia |
|
|
for, with a view to |
ad pacem |
for peace |
|
ante |
before (space or time) |
ante oppidum |
before the town |
|
circum |
around |
circum castra |
around the camp |
|
contra |
against |
Contra eum dico. |
I speak against him. |
|
inter |
among |
inter mortuos |
among the dead |
|
|
between |
inter meam opinionem et tueam |
between my opinion and yours |
|
juxta |
close to |
juxta patriam |
close to the homeland |
|
ob |
on account of, because of |
ob metum |
because of fear |
|
per |
through |
per multa maria |
through many seas |
|
|
|
per iram |
through anger |
|
post |
behind |
post montem |
behind the mountain |
|
|
after |
post mortem |
after death |
|
praeter |
beyond |
praeter insulas |
beyond the islands |
|
|
|
praeter spem |
beyond expectation |
|
propter |
on account of |
propter amorem |
on account of love |
|
trans |
across |
trans flumen |
across the river |
|
Prepositions with the Ablative |
||||
a, ab (before a vowel) |
away from |
a Britanniā |
away from Britain |
|
|
by |
interfectus est a Caesare |
he was killed by Caesar |
|
cum* |
with |
cum amicis |
with friends |
|
de |
down from |
de montibus |
down from the mountains |
|
e, ex (before a vowel) |
out of |
e provinciā |
out of the province |
|
prae |
in front of |
prae aedificio |
in front of the building |
|
sine |
without |
sine pugnā et sine vulnere |
without fight and without injury |
|
Prepositions with either the Accusative or the Ablative |
||||
in |
+ acc. |
into |
in Asiam |
into Asia |
|
|
against |
oratio in Catilinam |
a speech against Catilina |
|
+ abl. |
in, on |
in Asiā est. |
He is in Asia. |
sub |
+acc. |
under (implying motion) |
canis sub mensam it. |
the dog goes under the table. |
|
+ abl. |
under (at rest) |
canis sub mensā sedet. |
the dog sits under the table. |
super |
+ acc. |
over (with motion) |
canis super mensam it. |
the dog goes over the table. |
|
+ abl. |
above (at rest) |
Super mensā sunt. |
They are above the table. |
* When used with a pronoun, cum becomes and enclitic and attaches to the end of the pronoun.
mecum with me
quibuscum? with whom?
28. To go / ire
eo, ire, ivi (ii), itus - to go |
|
eo |
imus |
is |
it is |
it |
eunt |
Compounds that include ire
abeo |
to go away, leave |
adeo |
to go toward, approach, attack, visit |
ambio |
to go around, encircle |
circumeo |
to go around, visit, cheat |
coeo |
to meet, mate, copulate |
depereo |
to be hopelessly in love with; to parish |
exeo |
to ward off; to leave |
ineo |
to enter |
intereo |
to perish |
obeo |
to travel to; to die, fade away |
pereo |
to perish |
praeeo |
to lead |
prodeo |
to advance |
redeo |
to return |
subeo |
to approach |
transeo |
to cross |
veneo |
to be for sale |
29. To be able / posse
possum, posse, potui, – to be able |
|
possum |
possumus |
potes |
potestis |
potest |
possunt |
Tecum ad tabernam ire possum. I can come with you to the store.
Potesne mihi gladium dare? Can you give me the sword?
30. Adjectives
Adjectives in Latin are broken up into two main groups: those who are declined like first and second declension nouns, and those that are declined like third declension nouns.
All adjectives must agree in number, case, and gender with the noun that they modify.
Sample First/Second Declension Adjective: malus, -a, -um, bad
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
|
Singular |
||
Nom. |
malus |
mala |
malum |
Gen. |
mali |
malae |
mali |
Dat. |
malo |
malae |
malo |
Acc. |
malum |
malam |
malum |
Abl. |
malo |
malā |
malo |
|
Plural |
||
Nom. |
mali |
malae |
mala |
Gen. |
malorum |
malarum |
malorum |
Dat. |
malis |
malis |
malis |
Acc. |
malos |
malas |
mala |
Abl. |
malis |
malis |
malis |
For the third declension adjectives, there are three subcategories: one-, two-, and three-termination adjectives. Also, note that all third declension adjectives act like i-stem nouns. Also, remember that for all neuter nouns and adjectives, the nominative singular will match the accusative singular and the nominative plural will match the accusative plural.
Three-Termination
acer, acris, acre, sharp (given are the nominative singular for the masculine, feminine, and neuter, respectively.)
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
|
Singular |
||
Nom. |
acer |
acris |
acre |
Gen. |
acris |
acris |
acris |
Dat. |
acri |
acri |
acri |
Acc. |
acrem |
acrem |
acre |
Abl. |
acri |
acri |
acri |
|
Plural |
||
Nom. |
acres |
acres |
acria |
Gen. |
acrium |
acrium |
acrium |
Dat. |
acribus |
acribus |
acribus |
Acc. |
acres |
acres |
acria |
Abl. |
acribus |
acribus |
acribus |
Two-Termination
omnis, omne, every, all (given are the masculine/feminine singular and the neuter singular)
|
Masculine / Feminine |
Neuter |
|
Singular |
|
Nom. |
omnis |
omne |
Gen. |
omnis |
omnis |
Dat. |
omni |
omni |
Acc. |
omnem |
omne |
Abl. |
omni |
omni |
|
Plural |
|
Nom. |
omnes |
omnia |
Gen. |
omnium |
omnium |
Dat. |
omnibus |
omnibus |
Acc. |
omnes |
omnia |
Abl. |
omnibus |
omnibus |
One-Termination
audax, -acis bold (given is the nominative singular and genitive singular for all genders)
|
Masculine / Feminine |
Neuter |
|
Singular |
|
Nom. |
audax |
audax |
Gen. |
audacis |
audacis |
Dat. |
audaci |
audaci |
Acc. |
audacem |
audax |
Abl. |
audaci |
audaci |
|
Plural |
|
Nom. |
audaces |
audacia |
Gen. |
audacium |
audacium |
Dat. |
audacibus |
audacibus |
Acc. |
audaces |
audacia |
Abl. |
audacibus |
audacibus |
There are nine adjectives that, for all intents and purposes, belong to the first/second declension adjective group. However, they are slightly irregular in the fact that they have -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular of all genders. The adjectives are:
alius, alia, aliud |
another |
alter, altera, alterum |
the other (of two) |
uter, utera, uterum |
which (of two) |
neuter, neutra, neutrum |
neither |
ullus, ulla, ullum |
any |
nullus, nulla, nullum |
no, none |
solus, sola, solum |
only |
totus, tota, totum |
whole |
unus, una, unum |
one |
31. Question Words
quis, quis, quid* |
who, what |
qualis, -is |
what sort / kind of |
quomodo |
how |
cur |
why |
quo |
where to |
ubi |
where |
*the declension of quis, quid is as follows:
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
|
Singular |
||
Nom. |
quis |
quid |
|
Gen. |
cujus |
cujus |
|
Dat. |
cui |
cui |
|
Acc. |
quem |
quid |
|
Abl. |
quo |
quo |
|
|
Plural |
||
Nom. |
qui |
quae |
quae |
Gen. |
quorum |
quarum |
quorum |
Dat. |
quibus |
quibus |
quibus |
Acc. |
quos |
quas |
quae |
Abl. |
quibus |
quibus |
quibus |
32. The Family
Parents |
parens, -entis, m./f. |
Cousin (brother's child) |
patruelis, -is, m./f. |
Mother |
mater, -tris, f. |
Cousin (sister's child) |
consobrinus, -i, m. |
Father |
pater, -tris, m. |
Uncle (father's brother) |
patruus, -i, m. |
Son |
filis, -i, m. |
Uncle (mother's brother) |
avunculus, -i, m. |
Daughter |
filia, -ae, f. |
Aunt (father's sister) |
amita, -ae, f. |
Brother |
frater, -tris, m. |
Aunt (mother's sister) |
matertera, -ae, f. |
Sister |
soror, -ris, f. |
Relative |
cognatus, -i, m. |
Grandfather |
avus, -i, m. |
||
Grandmother |
avia, -ae, f. |
Husband |
maritus, -i, m. |
Grandchildren |
nepotes, -otum, m.pl. |
Wife |
uxor, -ris, f. |
Grandson |
nepos, -otis, m. |
Boy |
puer, -i, m. |
Granddaughter |
neptis, -is, f. |
Girl |
puella, -ae, f. |
Niece |
filia, -ae, f. sororis/fratris |
Friend (m) |
amicus, -i, m. |
Nephew |
filius, -i, m. sororis/fratris |
Friend (f) |
amica, -ae, f. |
Child |
liber, liberi, m. |
Baby |
infans, -antis, m./f. |
33. Present tense of velle, nolle, malle
volo, velle, volui, – to want, wish |
nolo, nolle, nolui, – to not want, to be unwilling |
malo, malle, malui, – to prefer |
|||
volo |
volumus |
nolo |
nolumus |
malo |
malumus |
vis |
vultis |
non vis |
non vultis |
mavis |
mavultis |
vult |
volunt |
non vult |
nolunt |
mavult |
malunt |
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