In both languages, there are three types of verbs grouped according to the last letters of the infinitive. In French, there are -er, -re, and -ir verbs; while in Italian, there are -are, -ere, and -ire verbs. The following chart uses aimer/amare (to love); vendre/vendere (to sell); and finir/finire (to finish) as examples for all regular verbs in the present and imperfect tenses. (There is another simple past tense, the preterite, but it is rarely used in modern spoken French or Italian).
French |
Italian
|
||||||
aimer |
vendre |
finir |
amare |
vendere |
finire |
||
Present Tense |
aime | vends | finis | amo | vendo | finisco | |
aimes | vends | finis | ami | vendi | finisci | ||
aime | vend | finit | ama | vende | finisce | ||
aimons | vendons | finissons | amiamo | vendiamo | finiamo | ||
aimez | vendez | finissez | amate | vendete | finite | ||
aiment | vendent | finissent | amano | vendono | finiscono | ||
Imperfect Tense |
aimais | vendais | finissais | amavo | vendevo | finivo | |
aimais | vendais | finissais | amavi | vendevi | finivi | ||
aimait | vendait | finissait | amava | vendeva | finiva | ||
aimions | vendions | finissions | amavamo | vendevamo | finivamo | ||
aimiez | vendiez | finissiez | amavate | vendevate | finivate | ||
aimaient | vendaient | finissaient | amavano | vendevano | finivano |
Not all French verbs that end in -ir or all Italian verbs that end in -ire use the above endings. Some -ir / -ire verbs have slightly different endings in the present tense. In French, verbs such as partir, dormir, sortir (to leave, to sleep, to go out) are conjugated thus: for the singular forms, take off the last three letters, and add -s, -s, -t; for the plural forms, take off the last two letters, and add -ons, -ez, -ent. For example, je pars, tu pars, il part, nous partons, vous partez, ils partent. In Italian, verbs such as partire, dormire, aprire (to leave, to sleep, to open) are conjugated without the -isc- before the regular endings. For example, parto, parti, parte, partiamo, partite, partono.
Regular Verbs
to like, love | aimer | amare | to sell | vendre | vendere |
to sing | chanter | cantare | to wait for | attendre | aspettare |
to look for | chercher | cercare | to listen | écouter | ascoltare |
to begin | commencer | cominciare | to lose | perdre | perdere |
to study | étudier | studiare | to answer | répondre (à) | rispondere (a) |
to close | fermer | chiudere | to go down | descendre | scendere |
to live | habiter | abitare | to live | vivre | vivere |
to play | jouer | giocare | to understand | comprendre | capire |
to eat | manger | mangiare | to finish | finir | finire |
to show | montrer | mostrare | to choose | choisir | scegliere |
to speak | parler | parlare | to punish | punir | punire |
to think | penser | pensare | to fill | remplir | riempire |
to work | travailler | lavorare | to obey | obéir (à) | ubbidire (a) |
to find | trouver | trovare | to succeed | réussir | riuscire |
to jump | sauter | saltare | to cure, heal | guérir | guarire |
Spelling Changes in the Present Tense
There are a few spelling changes in regular verbs in the present tense. These changes are made to reflect the pronunciation of the conjugated verb.
In French, verbs that end in -ger will use -geons as the first person singular form (nous mangeons); while verbs that end in -cer will use -çons as the first person singular form (nous commençons). Verbs that end in -yer change the y to i in all forms except nous and vous (j'essaie, tu essaies, nous essayons). Some verbs add an accent grave to the letter e to all forms except nous and vous (j'achète, il achète, vous achetez). Some verbs double the consonant before the verb endings in all forms except nous and vous (tu appelle, elle appelle, vous appelez).
In Italian, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h before the -i of the second person singular and first person plural forms (tu and noi). Verbs ending in -ciare and -giare do not add an extra -i before the tu and noi forms.
In French, there is only one verb in the imperfect that is irregular, être. It uses the stem ét- and the regular imperfect endings.
être | |
---|---|
étais | étions |
étais | étiez |
était | étaient |
In Italian, the stem of essere becomes er- for io, tu, lui/lei and loro, and it does not take the v, while the stem for noi and voi is era- and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire and fare are derived from the old Latin infinitives, and are beve-, dice-, and face-. They also take the regular endings of the imperfect.
essere |
bere |
dire |
fare |
||||
ero | eravamo | bevevo | bevevamo | dicevo | dicevamo | facevo | facevamo |
eri | eravate | bevevi | bevevate | dicevi | dicevate | facevi | facevate |
era | erano | beveva | bevevano | diceva | dicevano | faceva | facevano |
Pronominal verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but have an extra pronoun before them that agrees with the subject of the verb. Most of these verbs indicate a reflexive action - that reflects back on the subject. You can translate the pronouns as myself, yourself, etc. but we rarely use these words in English. Some other verbs indicate a reciprocal action, translated by each other in English.
myself | me | mi |
yourself | te | ti |
himself/herself/itself | se | si |
ourselves | nous | ci |
yourselves | vous | vi |
themselves | se | si |
Reflexive verbs
to break (arm, leg, etc.) | se casser | rompersi | to fall asleep | s'endormir | addormentarsi |
to hurry | se dépêcher | sbrigarsi | to get dressed | s'habiller | vestirsi |
to relax | se détendre | rilassarsi | to get married | se marier | sposarsi |
to rest | se reposer | riposarsi | to get up | se lever | alzarsi |
to get along | s'entendre avec | intendersi con | to have a good time | s'amuser | divertirsi |
to train/practice | s'entraîner | allenarsi | to remember to | se souvenir de | ricordarsi di |
to be interested in | s'intéresser à | interessarsi di | to shave (the face) | se raser | farsi la barba |
to be bored | s'ennuyer | annoiarsi | to stop (oneself) | s'arrêter | fermarsi |
to be called | s'appeler | chiamarsi | to wake up | se réveiller | svegliarsi |
to complain about | se plaindre | lamentarsi di | to wash up | se laver | lavarsi |
Notice in French that the reflexive pronoun precedes the infinitive,
whereas in Italian, it is connected to the end of the infinitive.
When conjugating verbs, the reflexive pronoun is always placed before the conjugated verb in both languages. However, in sentences where the pronominal verb remains in the infinitive, the reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject of the main verb in the sentence.
Nous nous levons à 8h chaque matin. / Ci alziamo alla
8 ogni mattina. We get up at 8 am every morning.
Il s'appelle Michael. / Si chiama Michael. He's called
Michael.
Vous allez vous amuser ce soir. / Andate a divertirvi stasera.
You're going to have fun tonight.
Etre sur le point de / Stare per + infinitive
If you want to express to be about to do something, French uses être sur le point de + infinitive and Italian uses stare per + infinitive. You can use these expressions in the present and imperfect, just as in English.
J'étais sur le point de réussir. / Stavo per riuscire.
I was about to succeed.
On est sur le point de manger. / Stiamo per mangiare.
We're about to eat.
Vous êtes sur le point de finir. / State per finire.
You are about to finish.
Etre en train de / Stare + gerund
To translate that an action is currently happening (the progressive form in English: be + gerund), French uses the phrase être en train de + infinitive, while Italian uses stare + gerund. Remember that être and stare can be conjugated in other tenses besides the present or imperfect. To form the gerund in Italian, just replace the verb endings: -are becomes -ando, -ere becomes -endo, and -ire also becomes -endo. There are three irregular forms: fare - facendo, dire - dicendo, bere - bevendo.
Je suis en train de lire. / Sto leggendo. I am reading.
/ I'm busy reading. / I'm in the middle of reading.
Il était en train de parler. / Stava parlando.
He was talking.
Elles sont en train de partir. / Stanno partendo. They
are leaving.
To translate you, we, they, the people (in general, abstract terms), French uses on + 3rd person singular conjugation whereas Italian uses si + 3rd person conjugation (which agrees with the subject for number). However, on in French is a regular subject pronoun while si is not in Italian. It is actually a reflexive pronoun normally used with pronominal verbs. But this should not cause many problems as you rarely use the subject pronouns in Italian anyway. The subject for the Italian expression is placed after the verb and the verb agrees with it - singular or plural.
En France, on boit beaucoup de café. / In Francia, si
beve molto caffè. In France, they drink a lot of coffee.
/ In France, a lot of coffee is drunk.
En Italie, on mange beaucoup de glaces. / In Italia, si mangiano molti
gelati. In Italy, they eat a lot of ice cream. / In Italy, a
lot of ice cream is eaten.
French uses this same construction (reflexive pronoun + 3rd person conjugation) for the impersonal form and as a subsitute for the passive mood. For example, in the French Le pain s'achète à la boulangerie the verb is constructed the same as in the Italian Al panificio si compra il pane. It's just the word order that is slightly different. Both sentences mean Bread is bought at the bakery, but the French construction is not used as often because active expressions with on are more common: On achète le pain à la boulangerie.
Because the verbs aimer and amare means to like and to love, it would be better to use the verbs plaire and piacere when talking about things that you like. The construction of these verbs can be confusing though because the word order is different from English. In French, the word order is subject + indirect pronoun + plaire. In Italian, the word order is indirect pronoun + piacere + subject. You can think of these verbs as meaning to please rather than to like. Note that the verbs are only conjugated for third person singular and plural, because they agree with the subjects, and not the indirect pronouns.
Le football me plaît. | Mi piace il calcio. | I like soccer. |
Le ski te plaît. | Ti piace lo sci. | You like skiing. |
Les pommes lui plaisent. | Gli / Le piacciono le mele. | He / she likes apples. |
Le sport nous plaît. | Ci piace lo sport. | We like sports. |
Les films vous plaisent. | Vi piacciono i film. | You like films. |
La natation leur plaît. | A loro piace il nuoto. | They like swimming. |
The imperative is the command form of the verb. The subject (you) is implied and doesn't need to be expressed. You can also use the we form of verbs to express Let's... The imperative conjugations are very similar to the present tense conjugations in both languages.
Imperatives in French are slightly easier to form. The you singular form is identical to the tu conjugations, except -er verbs drop the -s. The you singular formal / you plural and we forms are identical to the vous and nous conjugations. To form the negative of an imperative, just place ne before the verb and pas after. For pronominal verbs, the affirmative imperative is formed connecting the reflexive pronoun to the verb with a hyphen (te becomes toi in imperatives). To form the negative pronominal imperative, the reflexive pronoun is once again placed before the verb and ne is placed before the pronoun and verb, and pas is placed after the verb.
Reste là. Stay there.
Finis ton travail. Finish your work.
Ecoutez le professeur. Listen to the teacher.
Commençons. Let's begin.
Ne fume pas. Don't smoke.
Ne parlez pas. Don't speak.
Dépêche-toi. Hurry.
Ne vous levez pas. Don't get up.
Italian imperatives are not quite as similar to the present tense conjugations. The you singular form is -a for -are verbs and -i for -ere/-ire verbs. The you singular formal (the Lei form) is the opposite: -i for -are verbs and -a for -ere/-ire verbs. The you plural and we forms are identical to the voi and noi conjugations (just as in French). To make a command negative, just add non before the verb; except for you singular imperatives, where you use non + the infinitive. Pronominal verbs form the imperative by placing the reflexive pronoun after the verb, and they are written together as one word. Negative imperatives for pronominal verbs just add non before the verb; except for you singular pronominal verbs, which use non + the infinitive. However, the reflexive pronoun attached to this infinitive must still agree with the subject, so it will be -ti and not -si.
Resta lì. Stay there.
Finisci il tuo lavoro. Finish your work.
Ascoltate il professore. Listen to the teacher.
Cominciamo. Let's begin.
Non fumare. Don't smoke.
Non parlate. Don't speak.
Sbrigati. Hurry.
Non alzatevi. Don't get up.
French Irregular Imperatives |
Italian Irregular Imperatives |
|||||||||||
être | avoir | savoir | andare | venire | fare | dare | dire | essere | avere | stare | ||
you singular | sois | aie | sache | va' | vieni | fa' | da' | di' | sii | abbi | sta' | |
you sing. formal | soyez | ayez | sachez | vada | venga | faccia | dia | dica | sia | abbia | stia | |
you plural | soyez | ayez | sachez | andate | venite | fate | date | dite | siate | abbiate | state | |
Let's… | soyons | ayons | sachons | andiamo | veniamo | facciamo | diamo | diciamo | siamo | abbiamo | stiamo |
In Italian, dare is to give and dire is to tell.
Verbs: Present Perfect / Past Perfect Tenses
The perfect tenses in French and Italian are formed with to have or to be as auxiliary verbs and a past participle. (In English, to have is always the auxiliary verb.) To have or to be are in the present tense for the present perfect, and in the imperfect tense for the past perfect. The majority of verbs will use to have as the auxiliary verb; however, all prononimal/reflexive verbs in both languages use to be as the auxiliary. To form the past participle of a verb, use the following endings:
French | Italian | |
-er / -are | -é | -ato |
-ir / -ire | -i | -ito |
-re / -ere | -u | -uto |
Verbs using to have (avoir/avere) as an auxiliary
Verbs that can take a direct object use to have as an auxiliary.
Word order is simply present/imperfect form of have + past participle.
In the negative, word order becomes ne + present/imperfect
of have + pas + past participle for French, and non
+ present/imperfect of have + past participle for Italian. There is no
agreement with the past participle in gender or number unless there is
a preceding direct object. Follow the same rules for agreement
as you do with nouns and adjectives: add -e for feminine and -s for plural
in French; change -o to -a for feminine, -o to -i for masculine plural,
and -o to -e for feminine plural in Italian.
French | Italian | English | |
Positive | Tu as mangé la pomme. | Hai mangiato la mela. | You ate the apple. |
Negative | Tu n'as pas mangé la pomme. | Non hai mangiato la mela. | You didn't eat the apple. |
Preceding Direct Object | Tu ne l'as pas mangée. | Non la hai mangiata. | You didn't eat it. |
Verbs using to be (être/essere) as an auxiliary
Verbs that cannot take a direct object (i.e. intransitive verbs),
as well as all pronominal verbs, generally use to be as an auxiliary.
Word order is present/imperfect form of be + past participle for intransitive
verbs and reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect form of be + past participle
for prononimal verbs. In the negative, word order becomes ne
+ reflexive pronoun + present/imperfect of be + pas +
past participle for French, and non + reflexive pronoun
+ present/imperfect of be + past participle for Italian. The past participle
must agree in gender and number with the subject for all verbs using to
be as an auxiliary.
French | Italian | English | |
Positive | Elle est allée à la poste. | E andata alla posta. | She went to the post office. |
Negative | Elle n'est pas allée à la poste. | Non è andata alla posta. | She didn't go to the post office. |
Positive Pronominal | Nous nous sommes lavé(e)s. | Ci siamo lavati/e. | We washed ourselves. |
Negative Pronominal | Nous ne nous sommes pas lavé(e)s. | Non ci siamo lavati/e. | We didn't wash ourselves. |
The verbs that require to be (être) as an auxiliary in French are: aller-to go, sortir-to go out, venir-to come, mourir-to die, arriver-to arrive, partir-to leave, devenir-to become, monter-to go up, entrer-to enter, tomber-to fall, revenir-to come back, rester-to stay, rentrer-to return home, retourner-to return, naître-to be born, passer-to go by (pass), descendre-to go down. Only a few of these verbs have irregular past participles: venir-venu, devenir-devenu, revenir-revenu, mourir-mort, and naître-né. And five of these verbs (monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, and passer) can sometimes be conjugated with avoir if they are followed by a direct object.
Some verbs that require to be (essere) as an auxiliary in Italian are: arrivare-to arrive, andare-to go, uscire-to go out, entrare-to enter, costare-to cost, venire-to come, essere-to be, partire-to leave, stare-to stay/be, sparire-to disappear, tornare-to come back, nascere-to be born, morire-to die. Five of these verbs have irregular past participles: venire-venuto, essere-stato, stare-stato, nascere-nato, and morire-morto.
Note that avoir and être both use avoir as an auxiliary
in French, but that avere uses avere and essere uses essere as
an auxiliary in Italian! And remember that the past participle
agrees with a preceding direct object when the auxiliary is to have;
but the past participle agrees with the subject when the auxiliary is
to be.
To express that something has just happened, use a form of venir + de + infinitive in French, and a form of the correct auxiliary verb + appena + past participle in Italian.
Le train vient de partir. / Il treno è appena partito. The train just left.
English | French | Italian | English | French | Italian |
alarm clock | le réveil | la sveglia | hook | le crochet | l'uncino |
armchair | le fauteuil | la poltrona | house | la maison | la casa |
ashtray | le cendrier | il portacenere | iron (flat) | le fer á repasser | il ferro da stiro |
attic | le grenier | la soffitta | kerosene | le pétrole | il petrolio |
balcony | le balcon | il balcone | key | la clef | la chiave |
basement | le sous-sol | il sottosuolo | kitchen | la cuisine | la cucina |
basket | la corbeille | la cesta | ladder | l'échelle (f) | la scala |
bathroom | le bain | il bagno | lamp | la lampe | la lampada |
bathtub | la baignoire | la vasca da bagno | lawn | la pelouse | il prato |
batteries | la pile | le pile | light bulb | l'ampoule | la lampadina |
bed | le lit | il letto | living room | le living | il soggiorno |
bedroom | la chambre | la camera | lock | la serrure | la serratura |
bell (door) | la sonnette | il campanello | mailbox | la boîte á lettres | la cassetta postale |
blanket | la couverture | la coperta | matches | les allumettes | i fiammiferi |
blinds | le store | la persiana | mattress | le matelas | il materasso |
bookcase | le bibliothèque | la libreria | microwave oven | le four á micro-ondes | il forno microonde |
box | la boître | la scatola | mirror | le miroir | lo specchio |
broom | le balai | la scopa | oven | le four | il fornello |
bucket | le seau | il secchio | pantry | le garde-manger | la dispensa |
camcorder | la caméra | la telecamera | picture | le tableau | il quadro |
camera | l'appareil-photo (m) | la macchina fotografica | pillow | l'oreiller (m) | il cuscino |
candle | la bougie | la candela | pipe | la pipe | la pipa |
carpet | le tapis | il tappeto | pipe (water) | le tuyau | il condotto |
cassette | la cassette | la cassetta | poker | le tisonnier | l'attizzatoio |
CD player | la lecteur de CD | il lettore CD | radio | le radio | la radio |
ceiling | le plafond | il soffito | record | le disque | il disco |
chair | la chaise | la sedia | refrigerator | le réfrigerateur | il frigorifero |
chimney | la cheminée | il camino | roof | le toit | il tetto |
cigar | le cigare | il sigaro | room | la pièce | la stanza |
cigarette | la cigarette | la sigaretta | rug | le tapis | il tappeto |
clock | la pendule | l'orologio | sheet | le drap | il lenzuolo |
closet | le placard | l'armadio | shelf | l'étagère | lo scaffale |
compact disc | le CD | il compact disc | shovel | la pelle | la pala |
computer | l'ordinateur (m) | il computer | shower | la douche | la doccia |
corner | le coin | l'angolo | sideboard | le buffet | la credenza |
cupboard | l'armoire (f) | l'armadio | sink | l'évier | il lavandino |
curtain | le rideau | la cortina / tenda | sink (bathroom) | le lavabo | il lavandino |
cushion | le coussin | il cuscino | sitting room | le salon | il salotto |
desk | le bureau | la scrivania | smoke | la fumée | il fumo |
dining room | la salle á manger | la sala da pranzo | sofa | le canapé | il sofà |
door | la porte | la porta | stairs | l'escalier (m) | la scala |
drawer | le tiroir | il cassetto | steps | les marches | lo scalino |
dresser | la commode | il comò | story | l'étage (m) | il piano |
driveway | l'allée | il viale d'accesso | stove | le poêle | la stufa |
DVD player | le lecteur de DVD | il lettore DVD | study | le cabinet de travail | lo studio |
fence | le portail / clôture | lo steccato | switch | le commutateur | l'interruttore |
film | la pellicule | il rullino | table | la table | la tavola |
fire | le feu | il fuoco | tap (faucet) | le robinet | il rubinetto |
flame | la flamme | la fiamma | telephone | le téléphone | il telefono |
flashlight | la lampe de poche | la pila tascabile | television | la télévision | il televisore |
flat | l'appartement (m) | l'appartamento | toaster | le grille-pain | il tostapane |
floor | la plancher | il pavimento | toilet (WC) | le cabinet | il gabinetto |
floor (levels) | l'étage (m) | il piano | towel | la serviette | la salvietta |
flower | la fleur | il fiore | vacuum cleaner | l'aspirateur (m) | l'aspiratore (m) |
freezer | la congélateur | il congelatore | vase | le vase | il vaso |
front walk | la promenade | la passeggiata | VCR | la magnétoscope | il videoregistratore |
furniture | les meubles (m) | i mobili | wall (house) | le mur | il muro |
garage | le garage | il garage | wall (room) | la paroi | la parete |
garden | le jardin | il giardino | window | la fenêtre | la finestra |
ground floor | le rez-de-chaussée | il pianterreno | yard | le jardin | il giardino |
hearth | la cheminée | il caminetto |
English | French | Italian | English | French | Italian |
airport | l'aéroport | l'aeroporto | port | le port | il porto |
bakery | la boulangerie | la panetteria | prison | la prison | la prigione |
bank | le banc | la banca | restaurant | le restaurant | il ristorante |
bar | le bar | il bar | road | le chemin / la route | il cammino / la via |
barn | le grange | il granaio | school | l'école | la scuola |
barracks | la caserne | la caserma | sidewalk | le trottoir | il marciapiede |
bench | le banc | la panchina | square | la place | la piazza |
bridge | le pont | il ponte | stable | l'écurie (f) | la stalla |
bookstore | le librairie | la libreria | stadium | le stade | lo stadio |
building | le bâtiment | l'edificio | stop sign | le stop | lo stop |
butcher's | la boucherie | la macelleria | store | le magasin | il negozio |
castle | le château | il castello | street | la rue | la strada |
cathedral | la cathédrale | il duomo | suburb | la banlieue | il sobborgo |
cemetery | le cimetière | il cimitero | theater | le théâtre | il teatro |
church | l'église | la chiesa | tower | la tour | la torre |
cinema | le cinéma | il cinema | town | la ville | la città |
consulate | le consulat | il consolato | town hall | la mairie | il municipio |
corner | le coin | l'angolo | traffic light | le feu de circulation | il semaforo |
courtyard | la cour | il cortile | university | l'université | l'università (f) |
crosswalk | le passage pour piétons | il passaggio pedonale | village | le village | il villaggio |
dock | le bassin | il bacino | alloy | l'alliage (m) | la lega |
dry cleaner's | le pressing | la tintoria | brass | le laiton | l'ottone (m) |
embassy | l'ambassade (f) | l'ambasciata | brick | la brique | il mattone |
factory | l'usine (f) | la fabbrica | cement | le ciment | il cemento |
farm | la ferme | la fattoria | chalk | la craie | la creta |
fire hydrant | la bouche à incendie | l'idrante | clay | l'argile (f) | l'argilla |
fountain | la fontaine | la fontana | coal | le charbon | il carbone |
garage | le garage | il garage | concrete | le béton | il calcestruzzo |
grocery store | l'épicerie | la drogheria | copper | le cuivre | il rame |
hospital | l'hôpital (m) | l'ospedale (m) | cork | le liège | il sughero |
hotel | l'hotel | l'albergo (m) | glass | le verre | il vetro |
house | la maison | la casa | gold | l'or (m) | l'oro |
hut | la hutte | la capanna | iron | le fer | il ferro |
inn | l'auberge (f) | l'osteria | lead | le plomb | il piombo |
lane / alley | la ruelle | il vicolo | leather | le cuir | il cuoio |
library | la bibliothèque | la biblioteca | lime | la chaux | la calce |
market | le marché | il mercato | marble | le marbre | il marmo |
ministry | le ministère | il ministero | mercury | le mercure | il mercurio |
monument | le monument | il monumento | metal | le métal | il metallo |
museum | le musée | il museo | rubber | le caoutchouc | la gomma |
palace | le palais | il palazzo | silver | l'argent (m) | l'argento |
path | le sentier | il sentiero | steel | l'acier (m) | l'acciaio |
pavement | le trottoir | il marciapiede | stone | la pierre | la pietra |
pharmacy | la pharmacie | la farmacia | tar | le goudron | il catrame |
pier | la jetée | il molo | tin | l'étain (m) | lo stagno |
police station | le commisariat | il commissariato | wood | le bois | il legno |
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